Basal-cell carcinoma

Basal-cell carcinoma Treatment 

Basal cell carcinoma (also known as basal cell carcinoma or basal cell cancer) is malignancy of the most common skin, and one of the most common cancers in the United States. Although basal cell carcinoma has a low metastatic potential, this tumor can cause significant destruction and disfigurement by invading surrounding tissues

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In the United States, approximately 3 out of 10 Caucasians develop a basal cell carcinoma in her lifetime. This tumor accounts for about 70% of non-melanoma skin cancers. In 80 percent of all cases, the basal cell carcinoma affects the skin of the head and neck. It also seems that there is an increase in the incidence of basal cell cancer stem in recent years

basal cell carcinoma can be divided into three groups, based on growth patterns.

superficial basal cell carcinoma, formerly known basal cell carcinoma in situ, is characterized by proliferation of neoplastic surface basal cells. This tumor is usually sensitive to chemotherapy issue, such as Aldara (imiquimod), or fluorouracil.

infiltrative basal cell carcinoma, which also includes morfea and micronodular basal cell cancer is more difficult to treat with conservative methods, given its tendency to penetrate into the deeper layers of the skin.

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Nodular basal cell carcinoma includes most of the remaining categories of basal cell cancer. It is not unusual to find heterogeneous morphological characteristics within the same tumor.

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Absent periods

In many cases, absence of periods are not a cause for concern. However, sometimes an underlying medical condition may be responsible for that will have to be investigated and treated.

Some girls are not going to start their periods by the expected age, and there are several reasons why periods can stop naturally at certain times.

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For example, your periods will stop during pregnancy, during breastfeeding, or after menopause. Some types of contraceptives can also make you temporarily stop having periods.

underlying medical conditions

The medical name for the periods of absence is amenorrhea. The absence of periods can sometimes be a sign of an underlying medical condition, such as:

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) - a condition where the ovaries do not release an egg regularly (ovulate)

hypothalamic amenorrhea - where part of the brain that regulates the menstrual cycle stops working properly; this is thought to be caused by excessive exercise, excessive weight loss or stress

hyperprolactinemia - when a person has abnormally high levels of a hormone called prolactin in the blood

POF - where the ovaries stop functioning properly in women who have not yet reached the age of natural menopause (usually from age 50)

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When to seek medical advice

You should consult your doctor if you are concerned about any problems with your periods so they can try to find the cause.

Depending on what your doctor thinks may be the cause of your absent periods, you may be referred to a specialist for further investigation and necessary treatment.

More information about the diagnosis of absent periods.

Who is affected?

It is relatively common to stop having periods after being with them. This is known as secondary amenorrhea, and is estimated to affect 1 in 25 women at some point in their lives.

It is more common in adolescent girls and young women, especially in certain groups, such as professional athletes, dancers and gymnasts.

Do not start their periods by the expected age (primary amenorrhea) is much less common. It is estimated to affect 1 in 300 girls.

Treatment periods of absence

Treatment for the absence of periods depend on the cause. For example, the syndrome often can control the use of hormonal treatments, while women with hypothalamic amenorrhea often start having regular periods if cut in exercise and achieve a healthy weight.

In some cases, doctors may recommend waiting to see if their return periods or start your own.

Sometimes it is not possible for periods to be restored with treatment. This is usually the case of the absence of periods caused by premature ovarian failure.

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appendix cancer Treatment

Appendicular appendix cancer or cancers are rare malignant tumors of the vermiform appendix.

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Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are rare tumors with malignant potential. Primary lymphomas can occur in the appendix. Breast cancer, colon cancer and tumors of the genital tract of women can metastasize in Appendix

Treatment

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The treatment for tumors varies. Carcinoid small (<2 cm) without features of malignancy can be treated by appendectomy if complete removal is possible. Other carcinomas and adenocarcinomas may require colectomy right. Note: The term "carcinoid" is outdated: These tumors are now more accurately called "neuroendocrine tumors." For more information, see "appendix neuroendocrine tumors."

pseudomyxoma peritoneal treatment includes cytoreductive surgery involving the removal of a visible tumor and affected vital organs within the abdomen and pelvis. The peritoneal cavity with heated chemotherapy is infused known as HIPEC in an attempt to eradicate residual disease. Surgery may or may not be preceded or followed by intravenous chemotherapy or HIPEC

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HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS Treatment 

HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV / AIDS) is a spectrum of diseases caused by infection with HIV (HIV). After initial infection, a person may not notice any symptoms or may experience a brief period of influenza illness.Typically, this is followed by a prolonged period without symptoms.As infection progresses, more interferes with the immune system, increasing the risk common infections such as tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections and tumors that rarely affects people who work late systems.These immune symptoms of infection are known as AIDS.This stage often also associated with weight loss .

HIV is spread primarily through unprotected sex (including anal and oral sex), contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. Some body fluids, such as saliva and tears, do not transmit HIV. Prevention methods include safe sex, needle exchange programs, treatment of infected persons, and male circumcision. A baby disease can often be prevented by giving both mother and child medication.There antiretroviral no cure or vaccine; However, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and can lead to an almost normal life expectancy.Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made. Without treatment, the average survival time after infection is 11 years.

In 2014 some 36.9 million people were living with HIV and the result was 1.2 million deaths. Most of those infected live in sub-Saharan Africa. Between its discovery and 2014 AIDS has caused an estimated 39 million deaths worldwide. HIV / AIDS is considered a pandemic, an outbreak of a disease that is present in a large area and is spreading actively. HIV is thought to have originated in West Africa Central during the late 19th or early 20th century AIDS was first identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1981 and its cause infection HIV-was identified in the early part of the decade.

HIV / AIDS has had a major impact on society, both as a disease and as a source of discrimination. The disease also has great economic impacts.There are many misconceptions about HIV / AIDS, such as the belief that can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact. The disease has become the subject of many controversies involving religion including the decision of the Catholic Church does not support the use of condoms as prevention.It has attracted medical attention and international politics, as well as large-scale financing since it was identified in the 1980s

The second most frequent mode of transmission of HIV through blood and blood products. transmission via blood can be through sharing needles during intravenous drug use, pricked with a needle, transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products or medical injections with unsterilized equipment. The risk of sharing a needle during injection drug use is between 0.63 and 2.4% for each event, with an average of 0.8% .The risk of contracting HIV from a needle stick from a HIV-infected person is estimated at 0.3% (about 1 in 333) for each act and risk after exposure of mucous membranes to infected blood as 0.09% (about 1 in 1000) per act. In the United States injecting drug users make up 12% of all new HIV cases in 2009, and in some areas more than 80% of people who inject drugs are HIV positive.

HIV is transmitted in approximately 93% of blood transfusions using infected blood. In developed countries, the risk of contracting HIV from a blood transfusion is extremely low (less than one half million), which takes place a better selection of donors and HIV screening; For example, in the UK the risk is reported at one and five million in the United States was one of 1.5 million in 2008 in low-income countries, only half the transfusions you can properly screened (from 2008), and it is estimated that up to 15% of HIV infections in these areas come from transfusion of infected blood and blood products, representing between 5% and 10% Although the global infections is rare due to the detection, it is possible to get HIV from organ and tissue transplantation.

unsafe medical injections play an important role in the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2007, between 12 and 17% of infections in this region is attributed to the use of medical syringe. The World Health Organization estimates that the risk of transmission as a result of a medical injection in Africa at 1.2% .Significant risks are also associated with invasive procedures, assisted delivery, and dental care in this area of the world.

People give or receive tattoos, piercings, and scarification are theoretically the risk of infection, but there are no confirmed cases they have been documented. It is not possible for mosquitoes or other insects transmit HIV.

HIV is the cause of the spectrum of the disease known as HIV / AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of the human immune system such as CD4 + T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. It directly and indirectly destroys CD4 + T cells.

HIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus, part of the Retroviridae.Lentiviruses family share many morphological and biological characteristics. Many species of mammals are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-term illnesses with a long incubation period. Lentiviruses are transmitted as positive-sense single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses. Upon entry into the target cell, the viral RNA genome is converted (reverse transcription) in double-stranded DNA by a virally encoded reverse transcriptase that is transported along with the viral genome into the virus particle. The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrates into cellular DNA encoded by a virus integrase and host cofactors. Once integrated, the virus may become latent, allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system. Alternatively, the virus can be transcribed, the production of new RNA genomes and viral proteins that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that begin the replication cycle again.

HIV now cases of transmission between T CD4 + cells by two parallel paths are known: the free propagation cells and spread from cell to cell, that is, hybrid mechanisms diffusion is used In diffusion cell free particles virus outbreak of infection. T cells enter the blood / extracellular fluid and then infect other T cell after a chance encounter. [81] HIV may also spread by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of spreading from cell to cell. [82] [83] hybrid mechanisms spread of HIV contributes to the continuous replication of virus with antiretroviral therapies.

They have characterized two types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus that was originally discovered (and initially also referred to as LAV or HTLV-III). It is more virulent, more infectious, [85] and is the cause of most HIV infections in the world. The lower infectivity of HIV-2 compared to HIV-1 implies that fewer of those exposed to HIV-2 were infected by exposure. Because of its relatively low capacity transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to West Africa.

pathophysiology

Main article: Pathophysiology of HIV / AIDS

File: HIV and AIDS explained in a simple way.webm

HIV / AIDS explained in a simple manner

After the virus enters the body there is a period of rapid viral replication, leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood. During primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood. This response is accompanied by a marked decrease in the number of circulating CD4 + T cells. Viremia acute almost invariably associated with is the activation of CD8 + T cells that kill cells infected by HIV, and subsequently with antibody production, or seroconversion. The response of CD8 + T cells is thought to be important in controlling virus levels, which peak and then decreases as the CD4 + T cells recover. A good response of CD8 + T cells has been linked to progression of disease slower and prognosis, although not eliminate the virus.

Ultimately, HIV causes AIDS by depleting CD4 + T cells. This weakens the immune system and allows opportunistic infections. T cells are essential for immune response and without them, the body can not fight infections or kill cancer cells. The mechanism of cell depletion CD4 + T difference in the acute and chronic phases. During the acute phase, HIV induced cell-lysis and death of cells infected by cytotoxic T cells accounts for the depletion of CD4 + T cells, despite apoptosis may also be a factor. During the chronic phase, the consequences of generalized immune activation coupled with the gradual loss of the ability of the immune system to generate new T cells appear to account for the slow decline in the number of CD4 + T cells.

Although symptoms characteristic immunodeficiency AIDS do not appear for years after a person is infected, most of the loss of CD4 + T cells occurs during the first few weeks of infection, especially in the intestinal mucosa, which houses most lymphocytes are found in the body. The reason for the preferential loss of T cells of mucosal CD4 + is most T cells of mucosal CD4 + expressing CCR5 protein that HIV uses as a co-receptor for accessing cells while only a small fraction of CD4 + T cells in the bloodstream do so. A specific genetic change that alters the CCR5 protein when present on both chromosomes very effectively prevents HIV-1

HIV seeks out and destroys CCR5 cells expressing CD4 + T during acute infection. A vigorous immune response eventually controls infection and clinically latent phase starts. CD4 + T cells in mucosal tissues remain HIV replication affected.Continuous particularly causes a state of persistent along phase.Immune chronic immune activation generalized activation, reflected in the increased activation status of immune cells and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the results of the activity of several HIV gene products and the immune response to HIV continuous replication. It is also linked to the breakdown of immune surveillance system gastrointestinal mucosal barrier caused by the depletion of CD4 + T cells lining during the acute phase of the disease.

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Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

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also known as acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by rapid growth of white blood cells abnormal that they accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells. AML is the most common acute leukemia affecting adults, and its incidence increases with age. Although AML is a relatively rare disease, accounting for about 1.2% of cancer deaths in the United States, its incidence is expected to increase as the population ages.

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The symptoms of AML are caused by the replacement of normal bone marrow with leukemic cells, causing a decline in red blood cells, platelets and normal white cells. These symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, easy bruising and bleeding, and increased risk of infection. Several risk factors and chromosomal abnormalities have been identified, but the specific cause is unclear. As an acute leukemia, AML progresses rapidly and is typically fatal within weeks or months if left untreated.

AML has several subtypes; treatment and prognosis varies among subtypes. LMA is cured in 35-40% of people under 60 years of age and 5-15% over 60 years old. Older people who are not able to withstand intensive chemotherapy have a median survival of 5-10 months.

AML is treated initially with chemotherapy aimed at inducing a remission; Patients may receive additional chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cells. Recent research on the genetics of AML has resulted in the availability of tests that can predict which drug or drugs may work best for a particular patient, and the time the patient is likely to survive. Treatment and prognosis of AML differ from those of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in part because cell differentiation is not the same; AML involves a higher percentage of undifferentiated and differentiated cells, including more blasts (myeloblasts, Monoblasts and megakaryoblasts).

The first clue to the diagnosis of AML is typically an abnormal result on a complete blood count. While an excess of abnormal white blood cells (leukocytosis) is a common finding, and leukemic blasts are sometimes seen, AML can also present with decreases isolated on platelets, red blood cells, or even with a low white blood cell count (leukopenia) .  While a presumptive diagnosis of AML can be done by examining peripheral blood smear when there are circulating leukemic blasts, a definitive diagnosis usually requires a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy appropriate.

Marrow or blood is examined under a light microscope and flow cytometry to diagnose the presence of leukemia, to differentiate AML from other types of leukemia (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, for example - ALL), and to classify subtype of disease. A sample of bone marrow or blood is typically also tested for chromosomal abnormalities by routine cytogenetics or fluorescent in situ hybridization. Genetic studies can also be performed to look for specific mutations in genes such as FLT3, nucleophosmin, and KIT, which may influence the outcome of the disease.




staining of blood smear and bone marrow are useful in distinguishing AML all, and subclassification of AML. The combination of myeloperoxidase or Sudan black dye and stain provide nonspecific esterase desired information in most cases. The reactions of myeloperoxidase or Sudan black are more useful to determine the identity of AML and ALL distinguish. Nonspecific esterase stain is used to identify a monocyte component in AML and to distinguish a poorly differentiated monoblastic leukemia ALL.

The diagnosis and classification of AML can be challenging, and should be done by a hematologist or qualified hematopathologist. In simple cases, the presence of certain morphological characteristics (eg Auer rods) or flow cytometry results can distinguish specific AML other leukemias; however, in the absence of such features, diagnosis may be more difficult


The two most commonly used classification schemes for AML are the oldest French-American-British system (FAB) system and the newer World Health Organization (WHO). According to WHO criteria widely used, the diagnosis of AML is established by demonstrating involvement of more than 20% of the blood and / or bone marrow by leukemic myeloblasts, except in the three best ways prognosis of AML with abnormalities recurrent genetic, inv  yt in which the presence of the genetic abnormality diagnostic is independently percent explosion. The French-American-British (FAB) is a little stricter, requiring a percentage of blasts of at least 30% in the bone marrow (BM) or peripheral blood (PB) for the diagnosis of AML.  AML must be carefully differentiated from "pre-leukemic" conditions such as myelodysplastic syndromes or myeloproliferative, which are treated differently.
Because acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has the highest curability and requires a unique form of treatment, it is important to quickly establish or exclude the diagnosis of this subtype of leukemia. Fluorescent in situ hybridization performed on blood or bone marrow is often used for this purpose as it easily identifies the chromosomal translocation [t (15; 17) (q22; q12)] that characterizes APL. There is also a need for molecularly detect the presence of protein / RARA fusion PML, which is an oncogene product that translocation.

World Health Organization

The WHO classification of acute myeloid leukemia attempts to be more clinically useful and to produce more meaningful information than the FAB criteria prognosis. Each of the WHO categories contains numerous descriptive subcategories of interest to the hematopathologist and oncologist


signs of leukemia ,chronic lymphocytic leukemia ,  acute lymphocytic leukemia

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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia 

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, also known as acute lymphocytic leukemia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an acute form of leukemia or the white blood cell cancer, which is characterized by overproduction and accumulation of immature white cells cancerous blood, known as lymphoblasts. In people with ALL, lymphoblasts are overproduced in the bone marrow and continually multiply, causing damage and death by inhibiting the production of normal cells (such as red and white cells and platelets) in the bone marrow and by spreading (infiltrating) to other organs. ALL is most common in childhood, with a peak incidence at 2-5 years of age, and another peak in old age

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ALL symptoms are indicative of a reduced production of functional blood cells as leukemia wastes resources marrow normally used to produce new, functioning of blood cells. [These symptoms may include fever, increased risk of infection (particularly bacterial infections such as pneumonia, due to neutropenia, symptoms of an infection of this type include shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, vomiting, changes in habits bowel or bladder), increased tendency to bleed (due to thrombocytopenia), and indicative signs of anemia, including pallor, tachycardia (elevated heart rate), fatigue and headache.

about 6,000 cases are reported in the United States each year.Internationally, everything is more common in Caucasians than in African; It is more common in Hispanic and Latin America.Cure is a realistic goal and is achieved in over 80% of children affected, although only 20 to 40% of adults are cured. "Acute" refers to the course relatively short time of disease, distinguishing chronic lymphocytic leukemia, which has a potential course of many years time.

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Everything was one of the first cancers for which it has developed an effective chemotherapeutic treatment. Antifolates such as aminopterin and methotrexate were developed in the late 1940s by Sidney Farber and Yellapragada Subbarow.At that time, a doctor does not need the consent of the patient's parents or to try an experimental treatment as the Nuremberg Code had not yet been signed. Desperate to save their patients, Farber initially tried folic acid supplements as a treatment for ALL. This had disastrous consequences and death of children probably accelerated

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Breastfeeding, vaccines can cut ear infections in infants

Breastfeeding, vaccines can cut ear infections in infants

Breastfeeding vaccines can cut ear infections in infants higher rates of breastfeeding,

 the use of vaccines and lower rates of smoking mothers have reduced rates of ear infections during the first year of a baby, study finds recent. "Prolonged breastfeeding was associated with significant reductions in both colds and ear infections, a common complication of the cold," said lead researcher Tasnee Chonmaitree,

professor at the University of Texas in the United States. "It is likely that medical interventions in recent decades, as the use of vaccines against pneumonia and flu decreased smoking and helped reduce the incidence of ear infections, "he said.Ear infections in babies who are under six months of age have a increased risk of recurrent infection later in life.The findings, published in the journal Pediatrics, revealed that ear infection rates fell from 18 to 6 percent in three months age from 39 to 23 percent six months old and from 62 to 46 percent in a year olds.For the study, 367 infants under one month old were investigated from October 2008 to March 2014, to its first birthday.

The team collected samples of mucus from the nose and throat throughout the study to search for and identify infections and collected information on family history of ear infections, 

exposure to cigarette smoke and breast versus formula feeding .Parents notified whenever your baby showed no sign of an ear infection or upper respiratory tract infection, which is the common cold. "We have clearly shown that frequent infections of the upper respiratory tract, transportation of bacteria in the nose, and lack of breastfeeding are important risk factors for ear infections," he said Chonmaitree.Acute otitis media, or ear infection, is one of the most common childhood infections, the leading cause of visits to physicians for children and the most common reason children take antibiotics or undergo surgery

click here more info : Breastfeeding  Breast milk, Breastfeeding tips, How to stop breastfeeding 

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The risks of drinking too

regularly drink more than 14 units a week risk damaging your health.

Fourteen units is equivalent to six pints of beer average of force or 10 glasses of wine with low resistance.
New evidence about the harms of health regular consumption have emerged in recent years.
There is now a better understanding of the link between alcohol consumption and certain diseases, including a variety of cancers.
The position previously held that a certain level of alcohol was good for the heart has been revised. It is now believed that the evidence of a protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption is weaker than previously thought.
To reduce the risk of harm to your health if you drink most weeks:
men and women are advised not to regularly drink more than 14 units per week
spread your alcohol intake over three days or more if you drink up to 14 units per week
pregnant or trying to conceive should avoid alcohol completely. Learn more about pregnancy and alcohol.
No level of alcohol 'safe'
If you drink less than 14 units per week, it is considered low risk drinking.
It is called "low risk" rather than "safe" because there is no level without any risk.
The type of disease that can develop after 10 to 20 years of regularly drinking more than 14 units per week include:
cancers of the mouth, throat and chest
stroke
heart disease
liver disease
brain damage
damage to the nervous system
The effects of alcohol on your health depend on how much you drink. The less you drink, the greater the health risks.
Read about alcohol units to work on the amount of alcohol there are in your drinks.
drink 'unique session "
Drinking too much too fast at one time may increase your risk of injury and accidents, such as:
head injuries
fractures
facial injuries
scarification
alcohol intoxication
heart disease
To reduce health risks during a single drinking session:
limit how much you drink
drink more slowly
drink with food
alternate with water or non-alcoholic drinks

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Strong evidence "of Zika virus linked to Guillain-Barré syndrome

Scientists have amassed the strongest evidence that the Zika virus can cause severe neurological disorder Guillain-Barre syndrome, "reports The Guardian.

A large outbreak of Zika in the islands of French Polynesia saw a spike in the number of people with Guillain-Barre syndrome - a temporary muscle paralysis caused by nerve disorder.

The researchers analyzed the blood of people of that outbreak, which showed 41 of the 42 people diagnosed with Guillain-Barre syndrome at the time had antibodies to Zika virus.
There have also been reports of increasing numbers of people with Guillain-Barré be admitted to hospitals in Central and South America, which has seen an outbreak o virus.
This new study provides more evidence suggesting a link between the Zika virus and Guillain-Barré syndrome.
However, the figures of French Polynesia suggest only 0.24 cases per 1,000 infections Zika. This means that individual chances of contracting Guillain-Barré syndrome after being infected by Zika are quite low.
Guillain-Barre syndrome can paralyze the respiratory muscles, which may require treatment in intensive care. Most people recover completely, although it may take a year or more to fully recover.
Despite some alarming headlines, no one died of the syndrome in the outbreak of French Polynesia.
Tips for pregnant women
If you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant and is about to visit a place known to be affected by Zika virus, you should discuss your travel plans with your doctor.
Public Health England provides regular updates on the current spread of the disease.
More tips on the Zika virus.

Where did the story come from?

The study was conducted by researchers from several institutions, including L'Institut Louis Malardé, Hospital Center of French Polynesia, Office of Health Surveillance and Armed Services santé des in French Polynesia, L'Institut Pasteur and the Hospital Pitie-Salpetriere in France, and the University of Glasgow.
The research was funded by the French government, the European Union and the Wellcome Trust.
The study was published in the peer reviewed Lancet unrestricted open access journal, so it is free to read online.
This research has been widely covered, and most of the media in the UK study reported accurately. The Guardian and The Independent focused on the danger of intensive care services in areas with current outbreaks Zika be overwhelmed.

What kind of research was this?

This was a case-control study, comparing blood tests taken from people diagnosed with Guillain-Barre syndrome with people with acute infection Zika not of Guillain-Barré syndrome or other diseases.
The researchers wanted to see if signs of infection Zika were more frequent in the group that had Guillain-Barre syndrome.
They also wanted to see if signs of infection with dengue virus were more common in people with Guillain-Barré syndrome in people infected Zika, but no signs of nerve damage.
A case-control study can not prove the Zika virus infection causes Guillain-Barre syndrome. However, it does provide evidence to support the theory.

What did the research include?

The researchers took blood samples from all persons admitted to hospital with Guillain-Barré in French Polynesia from October 2013 to February 2014.
He tested them for a series of antibodies to Zika virus and dengue virus, and evidence of active viral infection.
They then tested blood samples from two comparison groups to find links between the Zika virus, Guillain-Barre syndrome and dengue virus.
Group one were people of the same age and from the same island receiving treatment for a disease that causes fever, meaning it was unlikely to be the Zika virus.
Group two people were about the same age as those with Guillain-Barre syndrome treated for acute infection Zika, without any sign of Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Everyone in the study with Guillain-Barre syndrome had been diagnosed using the same criteria internationally accepted in a central hospital.
People with syndrome also had other tests, which looked at how his nerves were affected by the disease, and immune responses had participated.

What were the basic results?

Most people with Guillain-Barre syndrome said they were similar to those caused by Zika virus symptoms - such as rash, fever and aches - six days before the onset of symptoms of muscle weakness.
42 diagnosed patients, 41 (98%) had antibodies to Zika virus in their blood, showing they had been recently infected with Zika. Of the 98 people in the first group of comparison, only 35 (36%) had antibodies Zika.
While all patients receiving treatment for Zika had signs of viral infection in the blood Zika, none of Guillain-Barre patients did, suggesting that the syndrome occurs once the body has fought against the virus.
Although most people with Guillain-Barre syndrome also had signs of previous infection with dengue virus (95%), so did most people in the comparison groups (89% and 83%).

How do researchers interpret the results?

The researchers said: "The results of our study support the Zika virus should be added to the list of infectious pathogens likely to cause Guillain-Barre syndrome."
However, they admit they do not know exactly how the Zika virus could trigger the immune reaction that leads to Guillain-Barre syndrome. the possibility of infection with dengue virus were discarded played a role.
They warned that the countries of Central and South America currently experiencing an epidemic of Zika infection should expect "a high number of cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome ... in the coming months."
They added that, "Because the Zika virus is spreading rapidly across the Americas, countries need at risk of being prepared to have adequate capacity for intensive care beds to treat patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. "
Conclusion

And there were suspicions that the current outbreaks of Zika virus an unusually high number of cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome in the affected areas are activated.
While a study of cases and controls can not provide absolute proof, this study provides the first direct evidence that most people who got Guillain-Barre syndrome during an outbreak of Zika Zika infected with the virus.
Zika infection was also much more common in this group than in people who are being treated similar to other illne

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Klinefelter syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome 

This will accept happened about during the accumulation of the egg or sperm, or afterwards the babyish boy was conceived. The added chromosome is not inherited.
Females built-in with an added X chromosome accept what is alleged Triple X syndrome, which is hardly different.

Adult males with Klinefelter affection may not be able to aftermath abundant testosterone, the sex hormone amenable for the development of macho characteristics and important for advancement cartilage strength, admiration and abundance in men.
The appearance that aftereffect from this – such as low activity and sex drive, abridgement of beef and too abundant physique fat about the boilerplate – may not be apparent until afterwards the age of puberty.
Most men with Klinefelter affection reside apart and accept accustomed lives, jobs and relationships, and will be blind of their chromosome variation. Their abundance is usually impaired, but newer techniques are now getting developed to advice affected this in a bulk of cases.
Infants
Klinefelter affection is harder to atom in infants, as some of the added accepted appearance may not be present or accessible at first.
Babies and toddlers with Klinefelter affection may:
be built-in with undescended testicles
be apathetic to sit up, clamber and walk
not alpha talking until afterwards than average
have low beef ability
be quiet and passive
Boys and teenagers
Some boys with Klinefelter affection can be shy with low self-confidence. About two-thirds may accept problems at academy with reading, writing, spelling and paying attention. They may aswell have:
low activity levels
mild acquirements disabilities such as dyspraxia and dyslexia
difficulty socialising or cogent their feelings
Boys may abound added bound than accepted during adolescence and become taller than accepted for the family. A lot of of the added advance is in the legs, and the achievement may get broader too. Extreme acme is aberrant and can be predicted aboriginal on in childhood.
Puberty starts at the accustomed time (11-13 years) with testicle advance as in all boys, but the testicle admeasurement does not access as usual.
The baby testicles may not aftermath abundant of the sex hormone testosterone, which may explain some of the concrete features, such as:
a baggy physique with low beef tone
a bargain bulk of facial and physique hair
small, close testicles and a baby penis
enlarged breasts (gynaecomastia; affects about two-thirds)
reduced calcium in the bones
The abridgement of testosterone may adjournment the achievement of animal development during puberty.
Even at this afterwards activity stage, these signs of Klinefelter affection may not be apparent and the action may not be diagnosed until adulthood, if the GP is consulted because of abundance problems.
Advice at this stage
See your GP if your son has apathetic development for his age, abnormally if you recognise some of the signs listed above.
It's account diagnosing any array of advance or adorning botheration early, as analysis can anticipate or advance some of the outcomes. See What treatments are available? for added information.
Participation in action will advice physique beef backbone and independence.
You ability acquisition it accessible to affix with added parents of accouchement with Klinefelter syndrome. Acquisition out added in Added advice and support.
Men
Men with Klinefelter affection may aftermath lower amounts of testosterone than accepted and will not about be able to accept by itself as the testicles aftermath little or no sperm.
New techniques are getting developed to abstract agent from the testicles to advice with bogus apperception methods, which may advice in some circumstances.
If a man with Klinefelter affection was not diagnosed and advised at the time of puberty, he may accept some or all of the afterward features:
a low sex drive
taller than boilerplate for the ancestors
reduced amounts of facial and physique hair
belly fat and looser muscles
enlarged breasts (gynaecomastia)
small testicles and sometimes aswell a baby adult-sized penis
Anxiety, acquirements difficulties and abasement are common, although intelligence is usually unaffected.
Despite these problems, a lot of men with Klinefelter affection will accept accustomed absolute lives, captivation down relationships and jobs.
It may be accessible to allocution to your doctor about treatments and altercate ancestors planning options. The advantageous links on this page account abutment groups, area links to added men with Klinefelter affection can be made.
Possible complications
Men with Klinefelter affection are about healthy, but at hardly greater accident than boilerplate of:
varicose veins and added claret barge problems
lung disease
autoimmune disorders (where the allowed arrangement attacks the body's own tissues) such as blazon 1 diabetes and lupus

What's the cause?

A macho with Klinefelter affection is built-in with an added X sex chromosome in his beef – XXY, rather than the accepted XY (see the box on this page for an account of sex chromosomes).
This additional X chromosome carries added copies of genes, which interferes with the development of the testicles.
Some males will accept a milder anatomy of Klinefelter syndrome, area they alone accept XXY chromosomes in some of their cells, rather than all of them. This is accepted as circuitous Klinefelter syndrome.
How is Klinefelter affection diagnosed?
GPs may doubtable Klinefelter affection afterwards physically analytical their patient's genitals and chest and testing a claret or urine sample for the attendance of aberrant hormone levels.
The analysis can be accepted afterwards acclimation a abiogenetic test, which involves sending a claret sample to a class to analysis if there is an added X chromosome (chromosomes can be apparent beneath a able microscope).

What treatments are available?

Klinefelter affection cannot be convalescent as there's no way to fix the added chromosome, but treatments and analysis can help, including:
testosterone backup therapy
speech and accent therapy
educational abutment (through educational psychology)
emotional and behavioural abutment (through psychology)
physiotherapy
counselling to plan through affecting issues and infertility

infertility analysis (IVF)

surgery to abolish balance breast tissue
Testosterone backup analysis (TRT)
TRT involves getting assigned a medication absolute a hormone agnate to testosterone.
It can be taken in the anatomy of gels or patches, or accustomed as injections to actual the hormone deficiency.
It cannot about-face infertility, but can amusement and anticipate abounding of the archetypal appearance of Klinefelter syndrome.
Ideally, an appraisal should be fabricated at the time of accustomed puberty, about the age of 12. Even if it is not needed, a echo appraisal should be fabricated in the mid- to late-teens, as a absence may appearance up alone at that date onwards.
If needed, TRT helps with accustomed development during puberty, such as a abysmal voice, facial and physique hair, and an access in beef accumulation (although it will not could could cause the testicles to grow). It should aswell advance cartilage body and abate the accident of fractures

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ways to reduce horrible arm fat

Have you stopped wearing sleeves just because you have heavy weapons? But there is no need to be bothered.

Follow these simple tips and you can have toned arms you want to ...
The most effective way to tone your arms is to be physically active. This does not mean that you need to hit the gym every day, but there are many household activities

that needs intense movement of arms, wiping, cleaning, riding to name a few. But to melt the large plump, you need determination and concentration. You start by cutting down on unhealthy food and high-calorie, eat fresh to stay healthy and looking healthy. Here are some additional tips.

Choose jump

If you think it is irrelevant, then you are wrong. Jump is the best cardio workout and it's inexpensive as well. It does not just help you sweat the fat from your body but gives you elegant and your arm too. "Skipping rope affects the arms muscles as you lift the weight of your body and move your arms in a circular motion. This increases the activity in the arm. Count seconds instead of jumping repetitions to make the process more effective, "said Gautham Kumar, an expert fitness.

Keep stretching

Do not wait until the evening fitness regime or in the morning and stretch your arms as and when you have time. This will not only keep you active, but also release tension. Gautham said, "stretching tone arm muscles and back in shape. Do it in the office after the meeting or after completing a report." He suggests that the exercises you can do in your office.

- Cross your fingers behind your head and stretch your arms up. Make sure the elbows are behind your head. Now bend your right size for a few seconds and repeat the same thing on the left. Keep your arms straight and taut.

- Keep both palms together behind the lumbar spine and lock fingers. Stretch your arms backward so that the chest is present. This is also beneficial for relieving stress back.

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